Planting biography

It provides the population with food products, animals - feeds, serves as a source for the production of human life support items, building materials, fuel, textiles, furniture, paper, medicine, perfumes, etc. It includes field growing, meadow production, vegetable growing, fruiting, viticulture, flower growing, forestry. Plant growing is closely associated with another main area of ​​agriculture - livestock.

Plant growing is the science of cultivated plants and methods for their cultivation section of agronomy. Historical reference crop production, being the main integral part of agriculture, originated in the Neolithic era. The development of agriculture led to the transition of a person from a nomadic lifestyle to a sedentary. The consequences of this process were so important that it was called "Neolithic, or Agricultural, Revolution." The first foci of ancient agriculture arose in the tropical and subtropical zones of the Earth, which possessed a warm climate and were not subjected to glaciation.

The centers of the origin of cultivated plants are confined to the oldest and greatest agricultural civilizations, where crop production was first born. It was in them that the first experiments began on cultivating plants and domestication of animals. With the settlement of new lands, trade exchanges, military campaigns, the seeds began to migrate to other regions of the world.

With the development of mankind, the skills of agricultural culture, the instruments of production were improved, a draft power appeared, cultural plants themselves were improved through folk selection, their diversity and the resulting crops increased. Theoretical foundations of crop production began to develop, the sources of which are attributed to the 1st century.

In our country, agriculture began to develop later than in the countries of the ancient East and the south of the Asian mainland-5-6 thousand to the middle of the 1st millennium with the appearance of iron guns and the use of animals as a dragging force, it became possible to clear the whole area and open virgin lands from the forest. For centuries, local varieties created by the farmers themselves were cultivated in the fields of the country.

The revolutionary events in the country's crop production occurred in the first third of the 20th century. A large role in this in —x. Vavilov now the Federal Research Center All -Russian Institute for Genetic Resources of Plants named after N. Institute conducted extensive work on the collection and study of cultivated plants from all over the globe, as well as the development of theoretical basics of selection.

In the bowels of the Institute from the GG. The state network of variety testing, which organized a comprehensive objective assessment of the emerging variety diversity for the zoning and introduction of varieties into production in a particular cultural territory, since the geographical factor is crucial in the success of agricultural production. Sunflower seeds of various varieties.

The current state of crop production in the Russian Federation and in the world to the main sectors of crop production in the Russian Federation include the cultivation of grain wheat, barley, rye, triticale, corn, buckwheat, rice, sorgho, millet, grain -combat peas, beans, lentils, chickpeas, oilseeds of sunflower, soy, rapping, red, mustard and grill, mustard and potter Sugar -nominal crops of sugar beets, as well as potato breeding, vegetable growing of open ground and protected soil, gardening and gourds.

In the city of the area sown by elite seeds, in the total area of ​​crops occupied by seeds of plant varieties, in the city of the country's self -sufficiency, the main crop production amounted to the main planting of crops in the city in the city in the world in the world, according to the FAO, in spite of the Great, beyond the G. Production, only 4 of them give half the volume of crop products: according to the FAO, according to the G., according to the FAO, in the city of Russia is one of the three leaders in the world production of wheat and is the main world leader among grain exporters.

In addition, Russia is included in the three world leaders in the production of sunflower oil and in the top ten world leaders in sugar. Maykop Experimental Station. The production and selection of basic crops in Russia according to Rosstat wheat in the sowing areas of wheat Russia occupies 2nd place in the world after India, 3rd place in China. For gross collection of wheat Russia in 3rd place-after China and India.

The main gross harvests of wheat annually on average over the past 5 years in federal districts - in the southern 24, 0 thousand in Russia, wheat varieties have been registered. The main breeding work on culture is carried out at the National Center for Grain named after P. Dokuchaev Voronezh. Barley in sowing areas and gross barley collection Russia takes 1st place in the world. The main gross barley fees annually on average over the past 5 years in federal districts - in the central, 6 thousand in Russia are registered varieties of barley.

Oat in sowing areas and gross collection of oats Russia occupies 1st place in the world.The main gross collections of oats annually on average over the past 5 years in federal districts - in Volga, 9 thousand in Russia are registered oats. The main breeding work on culture is carried out in the Federal Agrarian Scientific Center of the North-East named after N. Rye in the sowing squares of the rye Russia takes 1st place, in gross collection-the third after Germany and Poland.

The main gross rye fees annually on average over the past 5 years in federal districts - in the Volga, 5 thousand. In Russia, 90 varieties and hybrids of rye are registered. The main breeding work on culture is carried out at the Federal Research Center of the All-Russian Institute of Genetic Resources of Plants named after N. Grechikha in sowing areas and gross collection of buckwheat Russia occupies 1st place in the world.

The main gross harnesses of buckwheat annually on average over the past 5 years in federal districts - in Siberian, 0 thousand in Russia 57 buckwheat varieties have been registered. The main breeding work on culture is carried out in the Federal Research Center “Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences” Kazan and the Federal Scientific Center for Grain Board and Group Cultures of the Oryol Region.

Corn in the sowing areas of corn Russia occupies a place, for gross collection - e. The main gross collections of corn annually on average over the past 5 years in federal districts - in the central, 2 thousand in Russia, varieties and hybrids of corn of grain direction and universal use have been registered. The sunflower in sowing areas and for gross collection of sunflower Russia occupies 1st place in the world.

The main gross fees of sunflower annually on average over the past 5 years in federal districts - in the Volga, 1 thousand in Russia, hybrids and sunflower varieties have been registered. The main breeding work on culture is carried out at the Federal Scientific Center "All-Russian Research Institute of Oilchical Cultures named after V. Soya in the sowing areas of Soyan Russia occupies 7th place in the world, in gross collection-8th place.

The main gross fees of soybeans annually on average over the past 5 years in federal districts - in the central, 4 thousand in Russia, soybean varieties have been registered. Pustovoda "Krasnodar, the Federal Scientific Center of Grain Boats and Krupali Cultures of the Oryol Region, the Federal Scientific Center" All-Russian Research Institute of Soy "Blagoveshchensk, the Khabarovsk Federal Research Center of the Russian Federation Khabarovsk.

Lenon in sowing areas and the gross collection of oil linen Russia occupies the 2nd place in the world after Kazakhstan. The main gross linen fees annually on average over the past 5 years in federal districts - in Siberian, 3 thousand. In Russia, 48 varieties of oil linen are registered. Pustovoda "Krasnodar and the Federal Scientific Center of the Luby cultures of Tver.

Potatoes in sowing areas and gross collecting potatoes Russia occupies 4th place in the world. The main gross potato harvesters annually on average over the past 5 years in federal districts - in the central, 0 thousand in Russia, potato varieties have been registered. The main breeding work on culture is carried out at the Federal Research Center of Potato named after A. Vegetable and melting crops in total in the city of the main gross fees of vegetables and baches annually on average over the past 5 years in federal districts - in the south, 3 thousand vegetables of protected soil have been produced annually in Russia, more than 10.5 thousand have been registered in Russia.

thousand Timiryazev Moscow, Federal Research Center All -Russian Institute for Genetic Resources of Plants named after N. Fruit and berry cultures without grapes in the city of federal districts of the largest areas - in the central 23.7 thousand. The main gross fees of fruits and berries annually on average over the past 5 years in the federal districts - in South, 6 thousand. In Russia, selection achievements are recorded including the stocks and varieties of 17 fruit and 15 berry crops, including apple trees, - pears, 67 - apricot, 25 - cherry plum, - cherries, - plums, 57 - peach, - currants, - honeysuckle, 91 - raspberry, 53 - gooseberries.

Basic breeding work on fruit and berry cultures is carried out at the Federal Scientific Breeding and Technical Center for Horticulture and Pitonikovyk Moscow, the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Selection of Fruit Cultures of the Oryol Region, the North Caucasus Federal Scientific Center, Vitrogenity, Krasnodar Winemaria, Federal Scientific Center named after I. Michurin Michurinsk, Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agricultural Science Barnaul, Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Yekaterinburg, the Federal Research Center All-Russian Institute for Genetic Resources of Plants named after N.

Grapes in the federal districts of the largest area-in South 60.5 thousand. The main gross fees of grapes annually on average over the past 5 years in federal districts - South, 2 thousand in Russia are registered varieties and 20 grapes.The main breeding work on grapes is carried out at the All-Russian National Research Institute of Viticulture and Winema "Magarach" Yalta, the North Caucasus Federal Scientific Center for Horticulture, Vitrogen, winemaking Krasnodar, the Federal Rostov Agrarian Scientific Center of Rostov.

The promising trends of crop production in connection with modern challenges and its scientific support according to the FAO, to G. at the same time the prospect of the development of bio -economics requires a more active production of plant raw materials for various industries. The need to increase crops, taking into account environmental factors, unstable macro- and microclimatic conditions, the spread of phytopathogens and pests and market requests, which, in addition to the number and assortment, are increasingly related to quality requirements, the availability of environmentally friendly products, products for specialized nutrition, functional nutrition, etc.

In turn, the genetic material for creating new varieties is drawn in the collections of genetic resources of cultivated plants. The Russian Federation owns one of the largest and richest in the botanical variety of world collections of cultivated plants and their wild relatives, a vir, which is the basis for achievements in crop production in Russia for a whole century. These measures strengthen the basis of the sustainable development of domestic crop production in the context of the scientific and technological chain: 1 genetic resources; 2 selection; 3 seed production; 4 production; 5 processing for each agricultural culture.

To respond to modern challenges requires an increase in high -capacity at each of the five stages, which is carried out primarily due to digital and genetic technologies.