The biography of the composer Maler

Soon after the birth of Gustav, the family moved to the small industrial town of Yilava, an island of German culture in southern Moravia now the Czech Republic. The child showed an outstanding musical giftedness and studied with local teachers. Then his father took him to Vienna. At the age of 15, Mahler entered the Vienna Conservatory, where he was engaged in Yu. Epstein Piano, R.

Fuchs Harmony and F. Krenna composition. He also listened to lectures on the history of music and philosophy at the University of Vienna and met the first significant work of Malera at the University of then at A. University, the Cantata, the mournful song Das Klagende Lied, did not receive the conservative Beethoven prize, after which the disappointed author decided to devote himself to the conduct of conducting activities - first in the small vibration theater under the Linz May-June, then in Slovenia Ljubljana,-Olomouc Moravia, and Kassel Germany, at the age of 25, Malet was invited by the conductor to Prague opera, where he put the operas of Mozart and Wagner with great success and performed the ninth symphony of Beethoven.

However, as a result of the conflict with the chief conductor, A. Zaydl, Mahler was forced to leave Vienna and with the assistant to the chief conductor A. Nikish in the Leipzig opera. The unrequited love experienced by the musician at this time caused two large works to life-the vocal and symphonic cycle of the song of the wandering apprentice Lieder Eines Fahrenden Gesellen, and the first symphony of the middle period.

Following the triumphal success in Leipzig, the premiere of the opera K. ended with him, however, did not solve the personal problems of the conductor. After a quarrel with Nikish, he left Leipzig and became the director of the royal opera in Budapest. Here he spent the Hungarian premieres of the Gold of the Rhine and Valkyrie Wagner, set up one of the first Verist operas, the rural honor of Muscanya.

His interpretation of Don Zhuan Mozart caused an enthusiastic response of I. Budapest had to leave in Malera, since the new director of the Royal Theater did not want to cooperate with a foreign conductor. By this time, Mahler had already composed three notebooks of songs with a piano accompaniment; Nine songs on texts from German folk poetic anthology, the magic horn of the boy des Knaben Wunderhorn made up the same vocal cycle.

The next place of service of Malera was the city opera Theater of Hamburg, where he acted as the first conductor - now the ensemble of first -class singers was now at his disposal, and he got the opportunity to communicate with the largest musicians of his time. In the role of the patron saint of Maler, H. Mahler acted in the Hamburg period, Mahler graduated from the orchestra edition of the boy’s magic horn, the second and third symphony.

In Hamburg, Mahler survived the hobby of Anna von Mildenburg, a singer, a dramatic soprano from Vienna; Then his long-term friendship with the violinist Natalie Bauer-Lehner ensued: they spent months of summer vacation together, and Natalie kept a diary, one of the most reliable sources of information about the life and the image of Mahler's thoughts. He accepted Catholicism in him, one of the reasons for the appeal was the desire to get the place of the director and conductor of the court opera in Vienna.

Ten years that Mahler spent in this post, many musicologists consider the Golden Age of the Vienna opera: the conductor selected and raised the ensemble of magnificent performers, while preferring Belcanto virtuoso singers. Malera’s artistic fanaticism, his stubborn character, neglect of some performing traditions, the desire to pursue a meaningful repertoire policy, as well as the unusual pace that he chose, and the tough comments that he made during rehearsals created many enemies in Vienna - a city where the object was considered more likely enjoying than sacrificial service.

He invited a new employee to Maler to the theater - Viennese artist A. Roller; Together they created a number of productions in which they used new stylistic and technical techniques that have developed at the turn of the century in European theatrical art.

The largest achievements along this path were Tristan and Isolde, Fidelio, the gold of the Rhine and Don Juan, as well as the cycle of the best operas of Mozart, prepared in the summer of the composer's birthday. He married Alma Schindler, a daughter of a famous Vienna landscape painter. Alma Maler was eighteen years younger than her husband, was engaged in music, even tried to compose, generally felt like a creative nature and did not at all seek to diligently perform the duties of the mistress of the house, mother and wife, as Mahler wanted.

However, thanks to Alma, the composer’s circle of communication expanded: in particular, he came close to the playwright G. Gauptman and composers A. Ceminsky and A. in his small “composer house”, hidden in the forest on the shore of Lake Viertersa, Malet graduated from the fourth symphony and created four more symphony, as well as the second vocal cycle of poems from the magical horns of the boy.

Songs of recent years, Sieben Lieder aus Letzter Zeit and a tragic vocal cycle for poems by Ryukkert Songs about dead children KindertotenLieder.Mahler's composer activity gained wide recognition, largely thanks to the support of R. Strauss, who arranged the first full performance of the third symphony, which was a great success. In addition, Strauss included the second and sixth symphony, as well as Malera songs in the programs of the annual festival of the All -German Musical Union headed by him.

Malera was often invited to conduct his own works, and this led to the composer’s conflict with the administration of the Vienna Opera, who believed that Mahler was neglecting his duties of the artistic director. Recent years. The year was very difficult for Mahler. He left the Vienna Opera, saying that his activities here are not able to value; His youngest daughter died of diphtheria, and he himself learned that he was suffering from a serious heart disease.

Mahler took the place of the main conductor of the far-York Metro-Opera, but the state of health did not allow him to engage in conducting activities. A new manager appeared in the Metro-Opera-the Italian Impresario J. Gatti-Kasatsza, who brought his conductor-the famous A. Mahler to the post of chief conductor of the Conductor of the Conduled Filarmonic Orchestra, who at that time needed urgent reorganization.

Thanks to Malera, the number of concerts soon increased from 18 to 46 of them 11 - on tour trips, not only well -known masterpieces began to appear in the programs, but also the new scores of American, English, French, German and Slavic authors. He lingered in Paris to undergo a course of treatment, then returned to Vienna. Mahler died in Vienna on May 18, the grave of Malera at the Greenzing cemetery in Vienna.