Elliss biography

Brief biography of Dr. Albert Ellis Thursday, January 18, a brief biography of Dr. Albert Ellis, the font size reduce the size of the font to increase the font size. The following text is an exposure of Dr. Ellis, which is preparing for the release of the last work with Mike and Lidia Abrams, doctors of sciences. Albert Ellis was born in a Jewish family on September 17 in Pittsburgh.

He was the eldest of three children; He had a brother two years younger and a sister who was four years younger than Albert. Ellis's father was a businessman whose success in a series of business enterprises was minimal; He showed only a modest affection for his children and was often traveling on business issues throughout Albert's childhood. In autobiography, Ellis characterizes her mother as an immersed woman with a bipolar affective disorder.

At times, according to Ellis, she became "a fussy talker who never listened to anyone." She could authoritatively express her opinion on most questions, but extremely rarely could reinforce her point of view by the actual basis. Like the father, Ellis's mother was not emotionally attached to her children. Alice says that when he went to school, she usually slept, and when he was returning from school, she was most often not at home.

Instead of reveling in a bitter sense of loneliness, the boy took care of his younger relatives. With his own money, he bought an alarm clock, woke up and dressed the younger brother and sister. Despite the emotional stinginess, the family did not feel the need until the "great depression" began. She served as the reason that all three children were forced to look for work in order to help the family.

Albert was a very painful child and during his childhood suffered a considerable number of health problems. At the age of five, he was hospitalized with kidney disease. A little later, he was hospitalized with tonsillitis, which led to severe inflammation, which required an urgent operation. Albert recalls that in total, from five to seven years, he was hospitalized eight times. One of the last finds in the hospital dragged on for almost a year.

These days, he practically did not feel emotional support from his parents, who very rarely visited and comforted him. Ellis admits that he learned to fight his adversity, "having brought up a growing indifference to this abandonment." He began work in the field of clinical psychology after he received the first degree in business from the city University of New York.

The initial stage of his career was a business, later he tried himself as a writer. However, all these undertakings took place before the “great depression” began in the year, which made the business a meaningless occupation. Albert realized that writing fiction is not his vocation, but he found a talent for writing literature in the Non-Fiction genre. This talent allowed him to write many works on human sex life, later Albert was recognized as an expert in this area.

The lack of specialists in this area led him to the need to find out scientific facts on these topics and conduct research on them, which allowed him to understand this circle of knowledge best and give scientific advice on these issues. All consultations on the issues of behavior helped him realize his calling, which convinced him to begin his career in the field of clinical psychology.

In the year, he begins his studies at the Doctor of Sciences of Clinical Psychology at Columbia University, which was known for the preparation of psychologists in the traditions of psychoanalysts. After receiving the degree of a master in the clinical psychology in the pedagogical college of Columbia in June, Ellis begins a private practice for half a time, while continuing to work on obtaining the title of Doctor of Sciences.

This was possible because in New York at that time for psychologists did not need to obtain a license. Ellis began to publish innovative articles even before he received the title of Doctor of Sciences. For example, in the year he wrote a critical article on the topic of written personal tests that were not widespread at that time, which were not tested enough.

He came to the conclusion that only the Minnesotsky multi-Apartment Personal questionnaire meets the standards of the Ellis research instrument, after the defense of the doctoral dissertation, Ellis was looking for additional professional training in psychoanalysis.

Like most psychologists of that time, he was absorbed in the complexity and mystery of Freud's theories. Therefore, shortly after receiving the title of Doctor of Sciences, in the year Ellis began personal analysis and training program under the control of Richard Halbek whose mentor was German Rorshah, who was a leading specialist in training at the Karenn Institute.In the future, he will call Horney a man who had the greatest influence on his worldview along with the works of Alfred Adler, Erich Fromm and Harry Stack Sullivan, who also played a large role in the formation of his psychological models.

As his knowledge and experience in psychoanalysis grew, he began to ask questions about efficiency and scientific basis. Even in the year, Ellis published the article “Telepathy and Psychoanalysis: Criticism of Recent Discoveries” by Ellis, who was the first in a series of articles criticizing anti -criminal mysticism and occultism in psychology. This point of view was later reflected in his monograph, which has published in the year, commenting on the need for scientific support for psychoanalysis: “Although the art of psychoanalysis at the moment has a half -century history, a comprehensive formulation of its scientific principles is still far from perfect.

Such a wording that will free the analytical theory and practice from all external attributes of dogmatism, unverified speculations, bias and occultism and leave only those principles and images of action that are already or are on the path to the formation of clinically confirmed; Partial attempts to formulate, but it has not in any way still systematic execution, only a few neo -Framers work with it to be unreasonable to assume at the first stage that psychoanalysis can be scientifically justified and oriented.

Some analysts, in particular Jung, at times were frankly unscientific, if not anti -scientific, claiming that there are more things for analysis than scientific ideologies can even imagine. Other psychoanalysts, such as Rank and Raik, expressed bold false support to scientific ideals, but in practice they defended the semi -mystical theories of analysis that confront scientific points of view.

Supporters of near -scientific psychoanalysis in essence cannot have any arguments - until they frankly admit that science is not their goal, and questions of faith, religion, mental health and other unscientific objects are all that interests them, and the maintenance of some other analytical points is their democratic law - until they call their points of view, the majority of modern psychologists and psychiatrists agree, However, that carefully systematized scientific knowledge is the only real basis for analytical and other therapy, and that strict criticism of unscientific psychological methods is quite deserved.

” Working half-time in New York, Ellis also worked full-time as a psychologist in New Jersey and became the head of state psychologists in the year. However, in the year he left this post and transferred his private practice at full rate. His task of creating constant practice was contributed to the growth of his reputation as a sexologist, especially after his books “Sexy Folklore”, “American Sexy Tragedy” and “Sex without Guilt”, he gained scandalous fame, protecting the publication of sexual materials, gays and various alleged sexual criminals in court.

In one sensational business, Ellis collaborated with a widely known lawyer, John Rogge, defending the Monk Illy Buna, a Protestant priest and publisher of the journals of the American Nudist Association. The American advocacy association brought a criminal case to Buna for sending out “obscene” magazines by mail and placing them at news stands. Ultimately, Ellis helped to draw up an appeal that made it possible to win an appeal in the case before it was transferred to the US Supreme Court.

For growing popularity as a defender of sexual freedom, Albert had to pay his price. The school in which he was held under the undergraduate, the city college of New York and the school in which he held the magistracy, the pedagogical college of Colombia, refused to provide him with the teacher’s place due to his “controversial” articles on sexual topics.

Many psychological departments, even after he received national recognition as a psychologist, prohibited or canceled Ellis's performances. In the year, Ellis took the post of American editor of the International Sexology Journal and began to publish a number of articles that protect sexual freedom. He also wrote the introduction to the sensational book of Donald Webster Corey “homosexual in America”, thereby becoming the first famous psychologist protecting the freedom of gays.

At the beginning of his career, Ellis was married twice. The first marriage ended with a divorce, and the second ended about three years later without any statements about the reasons for the parting. In none of these marriages, and from any of the many lovers, Albert had children. Be that as it may, his numerous love affairs spilled into short -term and conflicting relations.

However, these relations benefited him, providing the background necessary to write his many books and articles about human sexuality.At the age of 50, he began the longest relations with Janet Wolf, an intern, which rose to the post of executive director of the Institute Albert Ellis. At the beginning of the two thousandths, Ellis began relations with Debby Joffi, an Austrian psychologist who arrived in the United States to undergo training at the Albert Institute.

These relationships became more and more intimate and ended with a wedding in the year. These last relations lasted until Albert’s death in the year. Despite the fame that he received from his publications and competence in matters related to human sexuality, Ellis can be called one of the few psychologists of New York, whose main income proceeded from psychological practice.

Although he constantly improved his technique, nevertheless, first of all, in working with his customers, he used psychoanalytic methods. However, the growth of his client base made passivity and marginality of the effectiveness of the psychoanalytic approach more and more obvious. In an effort to achieve greater effectiveness, he began to explore new methods that could be more active and effective.

The approach, which becomes more and more obvious, was based on the consistent model, which he called in his customers. He noted that almost all people can be called neurotics who have a general tendency to refer to irrational and hard thinking. This observation of Ellis was a big step forward compared to the theory of “suffering, stupidity and problematic” of the dollar and Miller dollar and Miller, in their combination of psychoanalytic and behavioral concepts, they suggested that neurosis could be caused by conditional suppression of thoughts or behavior, which causes a sense of anxiety.

Therefore, a conditionally reasonable person will act with methods that seem self -destructive and stupid. On the contrary, Ellis noted that people are fully informed about irrational beliefs, but tend to stubbornly support them, despite the fact that they lead to constant despair. This important observation synergically unites with its study of philosophers such as the Stoics Mark Aurelius and Epictete, which influenced the creation of a new theory of psychotherapy.

The Stoics believed that destructive emotions, such as fear or jealousy, arise from false judgments, and that the sages - people who have reached moral and intellectual perfection - are not subject to them. The status of the sage, based on the teachings of the Stoics, could be achieved by adopting the principles reflected in the quotes below. That is, all exceptional, disturbing or neurasthenic emotions are the result of an individual perception of the situation, and not the influence of the situation as such.

Marcus Aurelius "The Way to Freedom is not satisfying oneself by achieving everything that you wish, but the destruction of your desires." Epictete is under the deep impression of his studies, the works and the unscientific nature of psychoanalysis, in January, Albert completely completes his activity in the field of psychoanalysis and begins to call himself a rational therapist.

Now Ellis begins to resort to new, more active and guide types of psychotherapy. In the year, he calls his new approach “rational-emotional therapy” and formulates its basic principle as the fact that the therapist should help the client realize, and based on this awareness, to accept the fact that his personal philosophy contains beliefs leading to his personal emotional pain.

This new approach emphasized the active work of the client to change self -destructive beliefs and behavior by covering and demonstrating their irrationality or categoricality. Next year, Ellis begins to teach new equipment to other therapists and in the year he officially sets out the first cognitive behavioral therapy, offering therapists to help people to establish their thoughts and behavior as a way to get rid of neurosis.

Two years later, Alice publishes the book “How to Live with a Neurotian”, in which he sets out his new method in detail. Next year, Alice presents the newspaper with his new approach to the Convention of the American Psychological Association in Chicago. This theory aroused moderate interest, but several people nevertheless admitted that humanity was outlined, which would soon become the spirit of time.

Recall that the dominant interest at that time in experimental psychology was behaviorism a direction in psychology, the science of the behavior and influence of his human life - approx. Despite the fact that Ellis's approach emphasized cognitive, emotional and behavioral methods, his strong cognitive accent provoked almost everyone, with the exception of the followers of Alfred Adler.

Therefore, he often faced rejection at professional conferences and in the press.It is interesting that in some cases at symposia and meetings of the American psychological association, Fritz Perls will be sarcasm with the “rationality” of Ellis, at the same time completely ignoring the experimental and behavioral components of rational-emotional therapy. Despite the slow adoption of his approach, Ellis founds his own institute.

The Institute of Rational and Emotional Therapy was founded as a non-profit organization in the year. In the year, he was certified by the New York Region Council as a training institute and a psychological clinic. This was not a trivial feat, since the New York state had a law on mental hygiene, authorizing the psychiatric administration in mental health clinics.

Ellis was the first person to create an institution completely based on psychological control and principles.