Bedar Sultan Biography

The most cruel conductor of the Mongol policies in Central Asia was the Khorezm merchant Mahmud Yalavach and his son Masudbek. Especially suffered by the ordinary population from extraordinary wings, gathered in connection with the campaigns of the Khans of the Golden Horde and the Chagatai state. The masses responded to the strengthening of class oppression and the atrocities of the conquerors with new performances of anti-feudal and national liberation struggle.

In the city of Khan Chagatai, with great difficulty, suppressed this uprising. In the first half of the XIV century. This was facilitated by the revival of caravan trading tracks that brought the treasury of the Mongol khans huge incomes from trade duties. In the south of Afrasiab, Samarkand and the twice destroyed Bukhara are restored. In the Chagatai state, there was a process of feudal crushing, accelerated by the struggle of the conquered peoples against the Mongol yoke and the struggle for power between individual khans and groups of feudal lords.

In the middle of the XIV century. East Turkestan and the Chagatai State itself in Maveran-Nahr. In the XIV century. Small landowners became the head of Serbedars. They managed to create a kind of state, which existed for 45 years. Servs bobars canceled and reduced part of the taxes. The commanders in their army could even be slaves. The movement of the Serbons gradually reached the Maverannahr.

Local Serbed-ras were especially activated to G. But the transition of some of the rebels to the side of the authorities made it possible to suppress the uprising, which, however, inflicted a strong blow to the Mongol rule, along with other feudal lords. The formation of the state of Timur, rallying in the atmosphere of popular uprisings around Timur, local feudal lords gave him the opportunity with G.

Timur, a native of the Turkic-Mongol tribe of Barlas, was distinguished by commercial abilities, great energy and inexorable cruelty. All his summer state activities are filled with numerous predatory campaigns in Iran, Khorezm, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, Small Asia, which led to the seizure and subordination of a number of countries through cruel and barbaric violence over their population.

Marx wrote: “The policy of Timur was to torture, cut, exterminate women, children, men, young men and, thus, to terrify the horror” 1. Growing the conquered countries and taking out from there the talented artisans and art masters, Timur built luxurious palaces, mosques and mausoleums in his state. At the same time, the construction activities of Timur contributed to the development of crafts in Central Asian cities, the expansion of trade ties.

Timur ruled, relying on the members of his surname and emirov, to whom he gave in hereditary possessions to whole regions of Sevugal, which gave them the opportunity to collect taxes and taxes in their favor. With all the weight, the land tax “haraja”, a per capita to submit “jisya” and overwhelming corvee in feudal farms, lay on the peasants. After the strengthening of his situation in Central Asia, Timur began the struggle with the Khan of the Golden Horde Tokhtamysh, who sought to capture in Transcaucasia.

The protracted struggle of Timur and Tokhtamysh ended with a complete defeat of the latter. The Golden Horde was defeated, its capital Sarai was destroyed. Timur brought innumerable disasters to the peoples of Transcaucasia, especially Armenia and Georgia, where he made five devastating campaigns. Having waged a war with Tokhtamysh, Timur made a number of raids on the lands of the North Caucasus.

After the subordination of the main countries of the Middle East, Timur began the struggle with the young Ottoman state. Bayazid defeat for 50 years pushed the conquest of Byzantium by the Turks. Timur began to prepare a campaign in China, but death cut off his conquest. The collapse of the state of Timur created by a fierce conqueror from different lands with a wide variety of economic development did not have internal unity and cohesion and immediately disintegrated after the death of Timur.

The five -year struggle of his descendants for power ended in the years of the 15th century. In Maveran-Nahr, the eldest son of Shahrukh-Ulug-Bek-GG. Samarkand paper and raspberry velvet were in great demand in many countries. The intensified burden of feudal requisitions and duties exacerbated class contradictions. There were anti -feudal performances of peasants of the Samarkand region and residents of Tashkent.

They fought for their independence and Turkmen, but the tribal fragmentation prevented them from succeeding in this struggle. The formation of Kazakh and Uzbek nationalities in connection with the collapse of the extensive ulus of Juchi one of its parts, the so-called white horde of Ak-Horde, was divided into several uluses. One of them was under the rule of the descendants of Sheybani, Batu's brother.

In the x years, Abulkhair Khan-GG. Opponents of the sovereignty of Abulkhaira - local Sultans of Girey and Dzhanibek - formed in the western part of the Semirechye, in the Chui and Talasse valleys the first independent Kazakh sultanates, of which the Kazakh khanate later developed. In the public system of Kazakh khanates, remnants of patriarchal-rod relations were preserved.

The BII played an important role-representatives of the feudalized tribal nobility.One of the forms of social protest of ordinary cattle breeders against their involvement in the system of feudal exploitation was their mitching to other areas. In the XIV century. Some of these tribes penetrated the XVI century. The tense struggle of the Kazakh khans with the khan of the Uzbek horde of Sheibani - GG.

The devastating campaigns of Genghis Khan and his successors dealt a heavy blow to the centuries-old highly developed culture of the peoples of Central Asia, led to the death of many wonderful cultural monuments. It took a lot of time before the descendants of the first Mongol conquerors were able to recall and become consumers of cultural achievements and traditions of the peoples conquered.

From the second half of the XIV century. This was a large extent by the concentrated in the cities of Central Asia as a result of the conquering campaigns of Timur of the skillful artisans and artists taken out of other countries, the grandiose construction activities of Timur and his successors on the construction of palace, religious, serfs and other structures in the creation of which skilled architects took part.

The remarkable architectural monuments of this era were built in Samarkand, Keshe Shakhrisyabze, Bukhara and other cities Timur Timur-Gur-Emir, Mausoleum Shahi-Zinda, Mosque of Bibi-Ha-Mos, Ak-Saray, the famous “Bath of Mirza”, a three-tier observatorium of Ulugbek and other significant phenomenon in history in history in history Cultures of the peoples of Central Asia in the first half of the XV century.

At the Ulugbek court in Samarkand in the city, the famous Zij Ulugbek table, which enjoyed the attention of astronomers and in later times, is created in this school. It was distinguished by great accuracy, contained data on the duration of the stellar year, information about the movement of the planets was close to true. Ulugbek and his academic environment made a great contribution to the history of science.

Outstanding cultural figures of that time lived and worked at the courts of the Timurids: the historian Mirhond - GG. The work of such outstanding poets as Muslims-ad-Din Saadi-gg. The largest poet of the Uzbek people was Alisher Navoi - GG. As a genuine humanist, he fought in his work for the ideas of justice and the freedom of the human person. The influence of Navoi's work on the development of the culture of the Turkic -speaking peoples of the East is extremely large.

A prominent place in the history of Central Asia’s literature was occupied by the famous notes of Zahir ad-Din Babur “Babur-Name”. In the second half of the XVI century. A large role in the fight against the scholastic Sufi-Derevish literature was played by the poetic works of Abdurahman Musfica, which was distinguished by a large satirical talent. In the history of the art of Central Asia, a noticeable place was taken by the school of masters of book miniatures in Bukhara and wood and stone carvings.

Calligraphy also reached high art, used as a decorative element in architecture. The Mongol khans ruled in Georgia, relying on the support of local large feudal lords opposed to the tsarist authorities. The Mongols pursued the same policy in Dagestan, where they preserved local feudal rulers. The most severe consequence of the established Mongol yoke was sharply increasing taxes, levied in favor of the Mongol feudal lords.

In - gg. The cattle breeders had to give one animal from 10 heads. Various duties were burdensome: postal, work on the maintenance and construction of roads, on which thousands of people died. Peasants, who did not have the opportunity to pay taxes, turned into slavery with his family. In addition, with every nine peasant courtyards, one person had to go to the Khan's troops.

The most heavily suffered from the Mongol-Tatar conquest and invasions of other conquerors Jella ad-Din, Timur and others. Only during the invasion of Timur to Georgia in the city of In the city of Van Armenia, on the orders of Timur, 7 thousand were declined by most cities of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. The restoration of cities was inhibited not only by repeated invasions of new and new invaders who ruined the cities and withdrawn from them a craft population, but also by a change in the direction of trade routes, the flight of a craft and merchant population to other countries.

In the Crimea, Wallachia, India, Ukraine and other countries, significant colonies of Armenian artisans and merchants who fled from the violence of invaders arose. Despite the atrocities and terror of the invaders, the struggle against them did not stop throughout the rule of the Mongols of the peoples of the Caucasus. The Mongols with great difficulty managed to suppress this uprising.

In the 60s of the XIII century. Which began in the first half of the XIV century. The Georgian king George V - gg. Georgia was again devastated by the hordes of Timur. The seven predatory campaigns of Timur in Georgia caused innumerable disasters to the Georgian people, the consequences of which the country could not overcome many centuries. In Georgia, a long period of economic and state-political decline has come.

The strengthening of the power of the local feudal lords led to an even greater ruin of the Georgian peasantry, which quit their farms and fleeed to the mountains.In the areas of Georgia, captured by nomads, agriculture was replaced by semi -nomadic cattle breeding. South Cartley was especially desolate. Only in Kakheti was agriculture still in satisfactory condition.

The general decline of the country also affected the state of cities, many of which turned into minor settlements.