Farad Physicist Biography

Dan Medovnikov on September 22, Michael Faraday, a scientist, who created the prerequisites for the third technological revolution and modern physics, was born. It is less known that in life and even in scientific work, he strictly followed the principles of his native Sandemanian community, Michael Faraday, the English physicist and chemist. A member of the London Royal Society and many other scientific organizations, including the foreign Honorary Member of the St.

Petersburg Academy of Sciences 5 Minute Bioographies, if you believe the concept of the technical and economic waves of Carlota Perez, was born twenty years after the start of the first, industrial, technological revolution, a mature man met the second, related to the pair and the pair and the pair and the pair and the couple railways, and died shortly before the third electricity, steel, heavy industry.

This pure case of the role of personality in history, when we can probably say that if there was no Faradea, the third technological revolution would happen with a noticeable delay, since its work on electromagnetism, which laid the foundations of modern electrical engineering, were decisive and unique. Perhaps, in no other revolutionary technological shift of civilization, there is no such clear personification.

An electric motor, transformer, generator - all these revolutionary inventions made a person without a special education, who knew the mathematics poorly and practically did not use the formulas in his works no less curious and another circumstance: an electric motor, transformer, generator - all these revolutionary inventions were made without much education, who knew mathematics poorly and practically did not use the formulas in his works.

Already much later, James Maxwell issued, according to his own modest assessment, Faradey's natives' muddy reasoning in the elegant system of equations, however, the machines of the Third Technological Revolution by this moment were created and worked. Unlike Galilee, who claimed that the book of nature was written by the language of mathematics, who did not know the mathematics of Faraday, claimed that in fact it was “written by a finger of the Lord”, finally, the third amazing thing related to the work of Faradey: inventing the machines of the third technological revolution, he in parallel has created modern physics.

The power of physical intuition of an uneducated pharadeus does not even so much delights as it scares. How could this apprentice of the bindter, who made a modest career of the laboratory assistant, create one of the most productive concepts of modern physics - the concept of field? Maxwell and Einstein asked the same question. Some historians of science believe that Faraday’s non -education, its invarionedness, in particular Newtonian range, allowed him to immediately assume that the action was transmitted not through the void, but with the help of a certain “power intermediary”.

Partly, Maxwell himself separated this point of view, noticing in his famous “treatise”: “Faraday saw with their mental eyes the power lines that penetrate the entire space where mathematicians saw the centers of forces that attract at a distance. Faraday saw the environment where they saw nothing but the distance. Faraday saw the whereabouts of the phenomena in those real processes that occur in the environment, and they were content that they found it in the power of action at a distance that applied to electric fluids.

” Robert Sandeman was a Scottish non -conformist theologian. His followers, the Sandemanians, insisting on the literal reading of the Bible, affirmed the integrity and interconnectedness of all things, denying the empty space of Wikipedia, some go even further and associate the origin of the pharadeus concept of the power field with its belonging to the sect of the Sandemanians, who, insisting on the literal reading of the Bible, asserted the integrity and interconnectedness of all things, denying empty space.

Although such thoughts can make us far enough, it should be recognized that the Faradey family, and he himself always remained members of this sect, who had broken off in the eighteenth century from the Presbyterian Church of Scotland due to the insufficient rigority of the latter. Unlike Galilee, who claimed that the book of nature was written by the language of mathematics, who did not know the fate of Faraday well that it was actually “written by a finger of the Lord”.

The productive honeymoon of Faradei actually began after the famous chemist and physicist Gamfried Davy took him from the binding workshop to the post of personal assistant at the Royal Institute - the key scientific institution of the empire. Davi favors the young self -taught and offers him to accompany him on a long journey through European scientific centers as a valet.

Perhaps another ambitious young man would consider such a proposal humiliating, but for a member of the Sandemanian sect, which preached modesty bordering self -abasement, it seemed quite adequate, and a year and a half had the opportunity to personally communicate with the scientific stars of Europe.How could the apprentice as a binderer who made a modest career of a laboratory assistant create one of the most productive concepts of modern physics - the concept of field?

Maxwell and Einstein unsuccessfully asked the same question, he meets Amper, who had already proposed his hypothesis of the ring currents, but because of ignorance of mathematics, he does not evaluate it; He communicates with Volta and studies the principle of the work of the Voltov pillar. Upon returning to England and promotion, he begins to be responsible for the work of laboratory equipment for the entire Royal Institute of Faraday, he begins his own research, however, he begins with chemistry, and the results obtained here would already be enough for the title of an outstanding scientist.

He manages to open stainless steel, but the opening is not interested in metallurgists - the third technological revolution is still ahead, to select a substance from the whale oil, which we call a benzene today, to make pioneering work on the liquefaction of various gases, laying the basics of cryogenic technology. Faraday with his wife Sarah, who has always had something to do through the household of Wikipedia, the impetus for the beginning of classes over the main topic - electromagnetism - served as strange circumstances.

Faraday falls in love with Sarah Barnard, the daughter of a respected member of the sect, the Sandemanian pastor. He makes her an offer, but immediately stipulates that the marriage will have to become nothing more than an inconspicuous background for his scientific work. Sarah, being a true Sandemanian, swallows an insult and gives consent, but after the wedding, when a happy frasey asks how she would like to spend the honeymoon, the young wife calmly replies that she would be happy if her husband had prepared a review of recent studies on some scientific topic, and she has something to do around the household.

A discouraged Faraday decides to prepare an overview of the latest discoveries in the field of electricity and magnetism, and this turns out to be truly fateful for science by decision. Michael Faraday in his laboratory. Figure Garriet Jane Moore. She documented the life of Faraday in Wikipedia watercolors most of the Faradei was interested in describing the experiments of the Dane Gans Ersted, who showed that the compass arrow deviates if a conductor with current current was placed next to it.

Thinking about this, Faraday constructed the first simple electric motor in history: a magnetized rod placed in a flask with mercury, rotated around the conductor through which the current was passed - electricity did mechanical work! Further, the pharasses thought about the following: if in the experience of Ersteda an electric current produces a magnetic action, then is it not a nature to demonstrate symmetry and is it possible to come up with an experiment in which the magnet causes electric current?

This theoretically uninhabited at that time the idea of ​​symmetry between the electric and magnetic phenomena was so captured by Faradey that for some time he practically settled in the laboratory, in which the faithful wife brought him to eat. Demonstration of the first Pharadey electric motor year on the left: a magnetized wire, immersed at one end into mercury, rotates around a conductor with a current located along the axis of the symmetry of the vessel on the right: a conductor with a current, one end of which is immersed in a mercury, rotates around a magnetized wire located along the axis of the symmetry of the QUARTERLY JURNAL OF Science, Literature and the Arts,, Volume XII, after a series of unsuccessful experiments, the following experiment was invented: two isolated wires were wrapped around the iron ring, and one wire was wrapped around one half of the ring, and the other around the other.

A current from the galvanic battery was passed through one wire, and the ends of the other were connected to the galvanometer. Today's reader can easily find out a transformer in this scheme. And so, when the current closed or stopped and, therefore, the iron ring was magnetized or blurred, the galvanometer arrow quickly hesitated and then quickly stopped, that is, in the neutral wire under the influence of magnetism, “induced”, or inductive, electric current was excited.

So Faraday first turned magnetism into electricity. In another experiment, Faraday quickly introduced the magnet into the coil of the wire and fixed the appearance of electric current in it - the circle was closed, the mechanical energy of the hand moved the magnet, and as a result, an electric current was obtained. The law open to him, known today as the law of electromagnetic induction of Faraday, was formulated in one phrase and without a single mathematical symbol: “With an increase or decrease in magnetic force, electricity always arises; The higher the rate of increase or decrease, the more electricity is formed.

” One of the classic Faraday experiments on electromagnetic induction The year of the battery on the right causes electric current in a small reel A.When we pushing it to a large coil B or put it out of it, an alternating magnetic field induces into an electric current, fixed by a galvanometer on the left of Wikipedia soon invented the first direct current generator, placing a rotating disk between the poles of the magnet with a magnetic field parallel to the disk rotation axis.

A potential difference arose between the center of the disk and its edge. Having placed the currentproof in the center and on the edge of the disk and including them in the chain, the Faraday received a direct current, which did not stop until there was a desire or the ability to rotate the disk. The first alternating current generator of the Dynamo Machine was designed according to the descriptions of Faradei a little later by the French mechanic Hippolytus Pixie.

The response of Faradey to the Minister of Finance Gladston, who asked the great scientist, entered the Annals: “Why can this electricity need this electricity? By the way, the first tax on the production of electricity in England was introduced already in the year - just thirteen years after the death of the discoverer of electromagnetic induction. Is it a visit to the Queen Coincidence or not, but almost immediately after the opening of the first production of dynamo machines in Birmingham, the Sandemanians appropriated Faraday with the status of an honorary parishioner.

The native sect, which quite indifferently observing his scientific successes, possibly decided to note the beginning of their real service for the benefit of mankind. Faraday, however, has already attracted new topics. Is it a coincidence or not, but almost immediately after the opening of the first production of dynamo machines in Birmingham, the Sandemanians assigned Faradey the status of an honorary parishioner after their outstanding works in the field of electromagnetism of the pharaitions took up electrochemistry, discovered the laws of electrolysis and, which was no less curious, together with his friend, Willologist William Wavell, developed terminology for this field of science.

Ion, cathode, anode, electrode, electrolysis - all this is the result of their joint linguistic creativity. He managed to leave his footprint and in such industries as diamagnetism, catalysis chemistry, he managed to predict the influence of the electromagnetic field on light radiation, the final speed of the spread of the electromagnetic field. He anticipated Einstein’s research program, believing that in the end all the fundamental interactions of nature, including gravity, have a single basis.

Faraday united Frenle A and B Lenses with the clock mechanism of M and P, as a result, the flashing light visible to the sailors, served to distinguish the lighthouse from stars or coastal lights Wikipedia but was engaged in pharailities and completely applied tasks - he acted as a technological expert in the courts, advised the government on scientific issues, improved the protection of the bottoms of ships from corrosion, True, flatly refused to participate in the development of chemical weapons of toxic gases for the Crimean war - religious beliefs did not allow.

The authorities at the sunset of life treated him with great respect, Queen Victoria allocated his chambers in the palace and was looking for his society on one of the Sandemanian services due to the visit to the Queen cost the title of the village of the community - the Sandemanians did not consider it a respectful reason. But Faraday believed that the authorities had not yet fully appreciated the role and significance of scientists and inventors in modern history and was sure that if it did not allow the research class to participate in important decisions, it could pay for this in the nearest era.

The Commission of the British Society of Naturalists once turned to Faraday with a request, which, in his opinion, could use the government to improve the provisions of representatives of science in England. In response, Faraday wrote that, in his opinion, “the government for the sake of its benefit should appreciate the people serving the country and bring it to it” and that “in many cases requiring scientific knowledge, the government should use scientists; But unfortunately, this is not practiced in the sizes in which it could be done with the benefit for everyone; Obviously, the government, which has not yet learned to respect scientists as a special class of people, cannot find the right ways and means to enter into relations with them and greatly loses from this.

” Alibi Sepulti on the commemorative plate of Faradei in Westminster Abbey means “buried in another place” when Faraday died, Queen Victoria intended to organize magnificent funerals and the burial of a great scientist next to Isaac Newton and other great figures in Westminster Abbey. However, he managed to dispose of his funeral differently, leaving the following note: "The modest funeral, which should be present only by my relatives, the simplest tombstone in the most ordinary place of the Earth." As a true Sandemanian Faradey was buried in the Sandemanian section of the Highgate cemetery in London, and next to the grave of Isaac Newton in Westminster Abbey hung a modest sign.