Biography of Gorky Emigration

Download Part 4 PDF Bibliographic Description: Krikovtseva, A. Maxim Gorky. Born on March 16 in the year in Nizhny Novgorod, in a poor family of a joiner. His present name is Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov, and Maxim Gorky is a pseudonym that he came up with for himself. According to the old Nizhny Novgorod, he was taken in memory of his father - Maxim Savanteevich, who died when Alexei was 3 years old.

The reason for his death was Choler, which he infected from his son. Alexei's mother is Varvara Vasilievna, died of consumption. Early lost his parents, Alexei remained to live with his grandfather - Savvaty Peshkov and grandmother - Akulina Ivanovna, who replaced his parents to the boy and became his mentor in literature. Later, he wrote about her briefly, but with great love: “In those years, I was filled with grandmother’s poems, like hive honey; It seems that I thought in the forms of her poems.

" Little Alexei spent his childhood in Nizhny Novgorod in the house of his grandfather. From the age of 11, the future Russian writer was forced to earn money himself. In the year, Alexei Maksimovich arrives in Kazan in order to enter the university, but he does not succeed in lack of funds, so he begins independent training. In Kazan, he gets acquainted with the Marxist literature and propaganda activities.

From the summer to October, Gorky travels around the country, at the same time he begins the propaganda of the revolution, for which he was under a special police supervision, and after the year he was taken into custody for contact with N. Fedoseyev - one of the first propagandists in Russia. In the summer of the year, arriving in Tiflis, Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov talked with a participant in the revolutionary movement Alexander Kalyuzhny.

Listening to the stories of the future writer about wandering, Kalyuzhny invited him to record these stories. When the story “Makar Chudra” was ready, Alexander Kalyuzhny, with the help of a familiar journalist of Tsvetnitsky, managed to print him in the newspaper “Caucasus”. It was with this that his literary career began. Later, in the year he thanked Alexander Kalyuzhny in his letter: “I owe your push that I have been serving for Russian art with a lush for thirty years.” In exile, he writes essays “in America”, “enemies”.

At the end of the year, he goes to Italy and remains there until the amnesty of the year. There he meets A. Bogdanov, V. Bazarov, V. After a year he returns to his homeland, stops in St. Petersburg, works in publishers and is engaged in social activities. Unlike the views on the revolution of the year, a rather bad attitude developed in M. Gorky to the revolution of the year.

Gorky was guarded by the rampant anarchy. He saw in what was happening only a rebellion of instinct, a riot of primitive. The revolution could only cause delight among the political prisoners and the exiles with whom she returned freedom. The rest perfectly understood how it would end. Among them was Gorky - he did not feel enthusiasm for February and was angry when others expressed them with him.

The point was that Gorky was the only one of all saw the lack of transformations, and not their excessiveness and realized that this was a substitution. In his opinion, the revolution destroyed the whole culture, liberating everything wild and disgusting, which could be among the people. Gorky appreciated culture both in the spiritual and in its material manifestations. He believed that culture is one of the main pillars on which society holds.

That is why the political position of M. Gorky in the year extremely diverged from other points of view, in this regard, he simply could not choose a single stand for him and therefore created it himself. Thus, the newspaper "New Life" appeared, which lasted from May 1 to June 16. In the newspaper Gorky published his notes: “I expect that any of the“ real politicians ”will exclaim with neglect:“ What do you want?

This is a social revolution! No, - in this explosion of zoological instincts, I do not see pronounced elements of the social revolution. This is a Russian rebellion without socialists in spirit, without the participation of socialist psychology. And other workers say and write to me: “You would, comrade, rejoice, the proletariat won! As he himself was not defeated when the police regime held him by his throat, so now, when he holds the bourgeoisie by his throat, the bourgeoisie is not yet defeated.

Ideas do not defeat the techniques of physical violence. The winners are usually generous - maybe because of fatigue, the proletariat is not generous. ” In the summer and spring of the year, in his notes, M. Gorky congratulates the Russian people on the freedom, which he gained and immediately raises the question: is Russia ready for it? Almost all of his pre -October journalism is a call for creativity and science, to overcome ignorance and preserve culture.

Almost immediately, the theme of the peasantry rose in “untimely thoughts”- Gorky in vain perceived the peasantry. In his newspaper, he wrote the following: “Here are recently plundered by men of the estate of Khudekov, Obolensky and a number of other estates. The men brought home everything that had a value in their eyes, and the libraries were burned, the roots were chopped off with axes, the paintings - spilled.The objects of science, art, and the tools of culture do not have the price in the eyes of the village - we can doubt whether they have a price in the eyes of the city mass?

The ideals under which they fought against the autocracy were forgotten immediately after it collapsed. This is not to say that Gorky wanted the return of Romanov Russia, but what was happening around, forced him to begin to critically perceive the Social Democrats, whom he has supported for the past twenty years. He sharply accepted both the revolution itself, and the events that followed it, in fact, Gorky interrupted his membership in the party.

From the second half of G., the Bolshevik authorities showed a complete distrust of the writer: his apartment in St. Petersburg in the city in October, outraged by the lawlessness of the Soviet regime, Maxim Gorky went abroad for treatment. At first, he spends voluntary emigration in Germany and in Czech resorts, and after a year he goes to Italy, where he is until the end of the year.

He does not cease to be interested in the events taking place in the USSR and actively performs in the foreign press with the condemnations of the “red terror”.

At this time, a new foreign stage of his life is formed. He writes the novel “The Artamonov case” G. In the years, Gorky focuses on the genre of art memoirist. In the year, he creates the story “My Universities”, which became a continuation of the stories “Childhood”, “In people”. The autobiographical trilogy is based on the story of Maxim Gorky about his own difficult fate against the backdrop of the story of the life of the whole generation of the 70-80s of the 19th century.

Contemporaries identified the experimental nature of the work of Gorky of this period, which was formed with obvious looked at formal searches in Russian prose. During the years of the second immigration, Gorky reviews many of his views on the revolution and Soviet power. In - gg. Khodasevich publishes in Berlin a “conversation” magazine for the Russian intelligentsia, which did not reach the Russian reader, as it was prohibited in the Soviet Union, the second magazine - the Russian Contemporary, created with the participation of the writer in Leningrad, closed censorship.

The authorities in the councils were dissatisfied with the speeches of Maxim Gorky in defense of the political prisoners. But his relationship with cultural figures and Russian writers did not stop. He was widely known abroad as a public figure and writer, and respected among the progressive intelligentsia. The political authorities of the Soviet Union understood this well and in the second half of the 10ths were interested in the return of M.

Gorky to their homeland, in every possible way assisting this. The writer’s dream of a new culture and loneliness in the emigrant environment still led him to his homeland. In the spring of the year, he arrives in the USSR, where his summer is widely celebrated. He collects impressions of travel in the book of essays “In the Soviet Union” of his hope for the formation of the creative potential of the people after the revolution, which he wrote about in “untimely thoughts”, seemed to be justified.

In the country, he no longer saw destruction and chaos, but creation: the people and the country were transformed. This visit was a turning point against the writer to the USSR and the people as a whole. In the year, Gorky finally returned to the Union, chooses Moscow by a permanent residence. He creates such magazines as: “Our achievements” and “Literary study”, he also publishes the “History of Factories and Plants”, “The History of the Civil War” and other books.

In the year, he heads the Union of Soviet Writers, created on his initiative. Nevertheless, the last years of the life of M. Gorky were tragic: he was under the secret supervision of the GPU, in fact, he was isolated from the Soviet and world public. The writer died on July 18, under unknown circumstances on the eve of mass repressions. The death of Gorky, according to the authorities, was the consequence of the "Trotskyist-Bukharin conspiracy." Nevertheless, the versions of violent death have not yet found documentary evidence.

The activity and position of M. Gorky, in the last years of his life, was quite contradictory. He was worried about the development of culture in the country, but for some reason he did not notice ongoing repressions. Two people seemed to be in the writer: a publicist and artist. The first urged his brothers to write about the Stalinist repressions and the work of prisoners, as the great achievement of the Soviet regime in the crossing of the lost, not noticing the tragedy of what was happening, the second wrote about the personality and its fate in the terrible reality of the 20th century, which takes away from a person a natural social and creative freedom for him.

It is this topic that is one of the main in the work of M. Gorky.